Monday, November 16, 2009

Looking Back: The Most Thought-Provoking Books of the Past Five Years

I started this blog five years ago and thought it was a good time to revisit the most thought provoking biblical studies books I've read since then. Note that I don't necessarily endorse the arguments of the following titles (though I happen to agree largely with many of them). I like them for the way they grab our attention and challenge us to see things we may not be inclined to see, for better or worse. So here they are, the most stimulating books of 2005-2009.
1. Resurrecting Jesus, Dale Allison (2005). For the best study of the resurrection, and insightful essays about the relationship between the historical Jesus and modern needs.

2. Gospel Hoax, Stephen Carlson (2005) & The Secret Gospel of Mark Unveiled, Peter Jeffrey (2006). For putting Morton Smith's defenders in an embarrassing spotlight, and forcing unavoidable questions about academic integrity.

3. The Deliverance of God, Douglas Campbell (2009). For a massive appraisal of the New Perspective and opposing theories of salvation in Paul's writings.

4. New Testament Theology, Philip Esler (2005). For a powerful explanation as to why theology should be more about dialogue/communion (and disagreement) with the biblical authors than about liking what they have to say.

5. The Symbolic Jesus, William Arnal (2005). For underlining how agenda-driven the question of Jesus' Jewishness is, no matter what side of the fence we're on.

6. The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors, Stephen Finlan (2005). For a sharp assessment of Paul's different and contradictory death metaphors, which blend together and work despite themselves.

7. The End of Biblical Studies, Hector Avalos (2007). For arguing that the discipline of biblical studies is a waste of time. (But it's fun, Hector!)

8. Recovering the Original Gospel of Thomas, April DeConick (2006). For an oral approach to the layering of Thomas –- a breath of fresh air, and much needed alternative to Patterson, Koester, and Arnal.

9. A Marginal Jew (Vol IV): Law and Love, John Meier (2009). For putting the classic criteria into action big time, while showing they can only do so much for us, despite the author's confidence.

10. Jesus in an Age of Terror, James Crossley (2009). For showing how liberal scholars can unwittingly play into the hands of conservative pundits and culture critics when analyzing the Middle-East.

11. Paul, Judaism, and the Gentiles: Beyond the New Perspective, Francis Watson (2007). For taking the best of the New Perspective and pointing to a beacon that promises more and better.

12. Jesus and His Death, Scot McKnight (2005). For an amazing analysis of the historical Jesus' understanding of the way his death would atone –- you might be surprised this book was written by an evangelical for the way it banishes plenty of gospel testimony (ransom redemption, covenant ideas, etc.) to post-Easter developments.

Tuesday, November 03, 2009

Biblical Studies Carnival XLVII

The forty-seventh Biblical Studies Carnival is up on Kevin Scull's Paul of Tarsus.

Thursday, October 29, 2009

Celebrity Playlist Podcast

I've been enjoying the Celebrity Playlist Podcast (a free downloadable on iTunes) in which various film actors, directors, and musicians discuss their favorite songs. Eventually I'll do my own podcast so you can savor my sultry voice, but for now here's my playlist of faves in blog format, with links to youtube videos.

[Note: this is a modified version of an earlier list which I was told favored the '80s too much. Point taken. This list contains only seven songs from the '80s, and now seven from the '90s, five from the last decade, plus one from the '70s. I'm much happier with the result.]
1. No More Apartheid, Peter Gabriel (1985). It's hard to nail down a favorite song from the best rock artist in the world -- Red Rain, In Your Eyes, San Jacinto, Secret World, and The Tower That Ate People would all be candidates. So rather than choose between those gems, I'm going with something almost as good which is seldom heard anymore: this dynamic percussive song he performed as part of a fundraiser against apartheid.

2. No More I Love You's, Annie Lennox (1995). A part of me wanted to use Lennox's Into the West (the Grey Havens song), but I had to go with something else (#4) for the Lord of the Rings score. Besides, this song is truly Lennox's best -- one of the most beautiful songs ever -- and was actually one of Ellen Page's choices on the podcast she did with Drew Barrymore (I see Ellen's taste in music is as good as her acting). Curious how the title begins with the same words of my #1 choice on this list.

3. Drowning Man, U2 (1983). Many hits to choose from with this group, but for me this song remains the most powerful, underrated, and haunting. The electric violin and bass guitar dominate and define the mood so uniquely; I'm hard pressed to think of any song (by anyone) that comes close to sounding like Drowning Man.

4. The Breaking of the Fellowship, Howard Shore (2001). For classical I could have gone with any number of pieces -- Bach's Matthaus Passion or Air in C, Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata or Fur Elise, Vivaldi's Four Seasons -- but it's the final movement from Peter Jackson's Fellowship of the Ring that wins out. It helps to recall what's going on in the story: Frodo remembering Gandalf's fall, deciding to leave the group, and Sam chasing after him in the boat.

5. Beyond the Pale, The Mission U.K. (1988). It's easy to forget that amidst so much light '80s garbage, sleeper bands like Sisters of Mercy, The Mission U.K., and The Clan of Xymox were pounding out great dark gothic music. You have to be in the mood to listen to this stuff, but when I am, nothing beats The Mission U.K. Beyond the Pale is probably my favorite, though Wasteland, Sacrilege, Grapes of Wrath, and Tower of Strength are fantastic too.

6. Linger, The Cranberries (1993). A beautiful melodious song about being foolishly in love. I forget her name, but the lead singer has one of the best voices I've ever heard. The Cranberries may have gone downhill after their first album, but songs like Linger and Dreams are pure gold.

7. Radio Free Europe, R.E.M. (1983). This band has too many hits to name, but for me this one is the most emblematic of their career. Drive is a close second, but I also couldn't live without Losing My Religion, The One I Love, and Nightswimming.

8. Smile and Beware, Girl Nobody (2004). I can't believe this Canadian group didn't go on to make millions; they're terrific. Even more surprisingly, there's no available youtube clip of this song (save of a remix that barely qualifies as its cousin), and you can't even buy it from iTunes. I had to order the CD from amazon.ca.

9. Put the Message in the Box, World Party (1990). It's hard to classify this band's music -- a blend of pop, rock, rhythm & blues, and soul -- all coming together in one of the catchiest tunes I've heard in my life. I could "drive my car around the world" listening to nothing but this song. Yes, it's that good.

10. Both Sides Now, Clannad (1991). Many have performed this song since Joni Mitchell in the '60s, but no one like this duo. A timeless transcendent ballad.

11. Xavia, The Submarines (2008). Here's a highly addictive song by an indie duo who broke up, got back together and now compose whimsical tracks about their rocky relationship. This is their best song, and I like how it revs up unexpectedly, and differently, just when you think it's over.

12. Closer to the Heart, Rush (1977). As with Peter Gabriel and U2, it's hard to light on a single favorite. But if you push me to the wall, this early classic is the one to go with. And I love this version with the band members performing with Bubbles from Trailer Park Boys' in order to raise funds for the 2005 tsunami relief.

13. See the Lights, Simple Minds (1991). I never cared for the popular song that put this group in the spotlight (Don't You Forget About Me), but their songs got darker and edgier and quickly grabbed my attention. This one is my favorite, with All the Things She Said a close second.

14. Song of the Whale, Tangerine Dream (1986). Most new age is rubbish, but Tangerine Dream did a lot of good stuff, and this 8-minute piece from Underwater Sunlight is ethereally smashing. The videoclip goes with the music perfectly.

15. Voices of Babylon, The Outfield (1989). The lead singer's voice is the band's trademark, and they're often compared to The Police though I'm not sure why. I was never wild about them (or The Police) in general, but this particular song remains a strong favorite.

16. Battleflag, Lo Fidelity Allstars (1998). You have to move when you hear this -- get up, spin, and let loose. Let it serve as the electronica dance song for my list. And yes, the videoclip is uncensored, so it doesn't mute the f-word every other 20 seconds. (I'm listening to it right now as I write this post and trying to jive in my seat. Doesn't work.)

17. Your Arms Around Me, Jens Lekman (2007). This is the way to do a love song: squeeze the best out of melodrama and make it actually work. Somehow this guy manages to pull it off so it doesn't sound saccharine. He's an indie singer out of Australia, though I believe Swedish.

18. Revolution, Tracy Chapman (1988). This song qualifies as one of those "never tire of listening to". Chapman is one of the few musical artists who can get away with being overtly political without irritating in the process (Peter Gabriel and U2 are other refreshing exceptions). But the song is too short!

19. Disarm, The Smashing Pumpkins (1993.) This song is one of the band's most emotionally cutting. (Whenever I think of them, I recall that Secret-Mark guru Peter Jeffrey actually sued them for hurting his ears at a concert.) The video is great.

20. The Scientist, Coldplay (2002). It pains me a bit to include this band -- pardon my heresy, but I think they're overrated -- but I do like this particular song enough to add to almost every playlist I put in my iTouch.
UPDATE: Now you can listen to my podcast of this list.

Saturday, October 24, 2009

A Tribute to Ellen Page

On this day five years ago, October 24, 2004, the premiere of the bio-tech thriller Regenesis aired on Canadian TV, with Ellen Page playing the mouthy but lovable Lilith Sandstrom. She'd been acting long before (since she was 10), but with this role things started kicking off for her in a big way. She would soon leave the show to star in edgy indies like Mouth to Mouth and Hard Candy, even darker films like The Tracey Fragments and An American Crime, and of course the smash comedy Juno. Currently 22, though looking five years younger as always, she shows every sign of being around for a long time. She's just wrapping up work on Christopher Nolan's film due out next summer, Inception, and is planning to write and produce a new comedy for HBO.

Young talent like this is extremely rare, and I continue to be amazed by the breadth and maturity Ellen brings to her performances. This tribute will survey the work she's done since Regenesis and rate it three ways. First we'll look at the films themselves; then Ellen's acting in each; and finally the characters she plays. I'm putting this post on the sidebar and will continually update as her new films hit the theaters. Enjoy!


The Films

1. Regenesis (2004). 5 stars. I'm cheating a bit by including a TV show, but it's so exceptional it plays like a feature film and actually tops my list. For the underprivileged who haven't been exposed, Regenesis is a gritty thriller about a group of scientists who work against bio-terrorism, environmental dangers, and bizarre diseases, and unlike most sci-fic dramas, it's not so much about saving the day as learning to live with irreversible damage. As a Canadian production it's refreshingly unsanitized, meaning that people behave like real people, use the f-word with abandon, and even appear nude on occasion. The first season is the one to watch -- brilliant story arcs over 13 episodes. Ellen is featured in episodes 1-8 as the daughter of the lead scientist, and she befriends a sick boy who thinks he's a clone.

2. Juno (2007). 5 stars. Critically hailed as Ellen's best film, in which she plays a teen who contemplates abortion but decides to have the baby and give it to a wealthy couple. I've seen this movie many times, and I'm surprised how it never gets old; there's none of the cheesy sentimentality that mars most comedies. I'm also fond of the way it subverts liberal expectations, but without glorifying teen pregnancy or serving an anti-abortionist agenda (even if it's been incredibly mistaken for doing so). Scriptwriter Diablo Cody is as liberal and feminist as they come, but she's not interested in partisan preaching. Roger Ebert was right about it being the being the best film of 2007 -- it's flawless.

3. Hard Candy (2006). 4 ½ stars. This would have easily claimed the top slot, except the last 25 minutes haven't aged well (bringing it down half a star), and I explain why here. It pretty much undoes what it set out to do, even copping out, and gets too self-righteous at the end. But it's still an awesome film and the one responsible for Ellen's initial fame. Call it an indie revenge-thriller about sexual justice -- or injustice, depending on how you look at it -- about a 14-year old girl named Hayley who decides to castrate a guy in his own home. This charming dude stalks teens on the internet and is a closet pedophile to boot, perhaps even a killer. He and Hayley first hook up in a coffee shop after weeks of online chat: the well-known chocolate cake scene. I suppose I'd be tempted to hook up with a girl like this too... oh, did I just say that?

4. Mouth to Mouth (2005). 4 stars. Right before Hard Candy came this overlooked gem, about a revolutionary teen who leaves her mother and joins a gang living on the streets of Europe. This gang is armed with "radical knowledge", a neo-communist philosophy that condemns personal property and promotes group interests over the self. Based on the director's actual experience with gangs, it focuses on the manipulative leader who seduces but ultimately alienates Sherry, yet who incredibly succeeds in brainwashing her mother when she comes to rescue her. It's still a hard film to come by in the states; the trailer is very good and represents it well.

5. An American Crime (2007). 4 stars. Based on the true story of Sylvia Likens, who was tortured and killed by a disturbed woman caring for her in her parents' absence. Sylvia was tied up in a basement for weeks -- beaten, burned, cut, branded, and forced to eat filth, while, amazingly, kids in the neighborhood dropped by daily to participate in the "fun". Ellen is as convincing in the role of a savagely abused innocent as she is in that of a tormenting sadist (Hard Candy), and most people won't want to see this more than once (if that). The final act -- Sylvia's dream of reuniting with her parents as she lies unconscious and dying -- is heartbreaking. There are really no pleasant scenes to watch, but I am moved by this haunting montage.

6. Whip It! (2009). 3 ½ stars. When I first heard about this one, I thought Ellen was selling out and going mainstream. My fears turned out to be groundless. It may have all the cliches and usual outcomes expected in an underdog sports film, but minus the melodrama, and it even plays like an indie film though I'm not sure why. It could be the edgy nature of roller derby, or just the way the characters are handled in the story. Or maybe it's Ellen's natural "indie persona", which she seems to exude without trying. In any case, the story is about a girl whose mother forces her to compete in ghastly beauty pageants until she stumbles across roller derby and falls in love with knocking other girls down on the skating rink. Whip it good!

7. The Tracey Fragments (2007). 3 stars. About a messed up girl looking for her lost younger brother. She searches for him riding a bus at night, naked under a shower curtain. Sound bizarre? This might have placed higher on my list if not for the irritating gimick of so many split frames playing on the screen at once. I realize what the director was trying to do (hence the title) in portraying a delusional girl whose mind is everywhere: we're supposed to be impressed less by what happens to Tracey and more by the record of her perceptions; her jagged emotional viewfinder is critical. But it's asking much of us to digest up to eight frames at a time. Still, there's no denying the film's daring originality. It's indie, weird, raw... perfect for Ellen Page.

8. The Stone Angel (2007). 2 ½ stars. I went into this with high expectations since both of my favorite Ellens are in it (I revere Ellen Burstyn), and so was let down by the mediocrity. It's one of those films where so much talent goes to waste, and so little is happening around what is trying to seem profound. Burstyn stars as a bitter old matriarch who fears she will lose her independence and be placed in a nursing home by her son and daughter-in-law. Page gets a small role as the girlfriend of another one of Burstyn's sons, who both get killed by a train in a dare. It's about family pride being a destructive force across generations, but somehow feels less than the sum of its parts.

9. X-Men 3: The Last Stand (2006). 2 stars. I usually dislike superhero films, and this one's no exception, though I admit the mutants are a cool concept. A director like Christopher Nolan could have worked wonders over this lame story about two factions of mutants kicking each others' asses over the politically-loaded question of a cure for mutations. The blatant attempt to analogize mutation with (homo)sexual orientation is cheap, and we even get to hear Ian McKellan, who of course is openly gay, say through the lips of his character (Magneto), "Nobody is going to cure us -- we are the cure!" As a bisexual I appreciate the sentiment, but it's too preachy. As for Ellen, she plays a cute shadowcat who can pass through walls, but she gets only minutes of screen time -- which is perhaps just as well.

10. Smart People (2008). 1 star. Banal, boring, and blisteringly cheerless, this is Ellen's throw-away film -- and one that I wanted to throw away instead of returning to the video store. The story focuses on a conceited college professor who has no time for anyone (least of all his students and two kids), and is writing a book essentially about how stupid people are. Ellen plays his snarky and socially inept high-school daughter, who alternates between patronizing him and mouthing off, while trying to seduce her own uncle in between. (The uncle takes refuge by fleeing the house and sleeping on the dorm floor of his nephew, who can't stand his sister anyway.) But not even she can save this misbegotten "comedy" which failed to elicit a single smile from me.


The Acting Performances

1. Hayley Stark. 5 stars. The sadist of Hard Candy is Ellen's ass-kicking performance, her finest, and certainly her most unforgettable. She deserved an Oscar nomination for this role as much as for Juno MacGuff (#2), if not more so, but alas, such awards aren't dished out to overnight successes. Hayley has to be the best teen psychopath of all time, and it's impossible not to thrill to her when she's performing her surgery on Patrick Wilson, sweating like a pig, bantering ridiculous witticisms.

2. Juno MacGuff. 5 stars. Ellen was made for this role and owned it completely. I imagine she's like Juno in real life -- snarky and fluent with punchy one-liners -- her interviews at least suggest some commonalities. The trick is making a character like this attractive (you don't win hearts on sarcasm alone), but she nailed the formula with perfect measures of sass, inner turmoil, and wit. I hope she's as successful in her private life.

3. Tracey Berkowitz. 4 ½ stars. A wide range of talent was required to play up to Tracey's mood swings and bipolar-like sensibilities, and Ellen was more than capable. It's astonishing, really, how she managed to mold a feral but sensitive girl whom audiences can relate to (though we'd relate even better with less of the editorial split-screen technique), vulgar as hell, full of self-loathing and hatred for everyone, but also capable of tender mercies.

4. Sylvia Likens. 4 ½ stars. Ellen's most searing performance to date, and difficult to watch. I understand she was the only actor considered for Sylvia Likens, which isn't surprising. Few young talents are up to the demands of a role like this. For those who think Ellen is only at home in snarky or psychotic roles, An American Crime will dispel all doubt. Sylvia is as shy and vulnerable as they come. The scene where she's branded is stunning -- and very upsetting.

5. Lilith Sandstrom. 4 ½ stars. She didn't have the biggest role in Regenesis, but what she got she milked for all its worth. It's impressive to watch her play off Peter Outerbridge (David Sandstrom, her brilliant but asshole father) and of course Mark Rendall, whose character (Mick) she falls in love with, knowing his days are numbered. She never overacts throughout the show, and that's a rarity among teens. The scene with her and Mick in a motel room is touching.

6. Bliss Cavendar. 4 stars. Playing a non-waspy version of Juno, Ellen makes this character vulnerable and sympathetic, whose rebellion against her mother is understandable. (How would you act as a 17-year old if your mother shoved '50s values down your throat and made you compete in horrendous beauty pageants?) Bliss' roller-derby voyage is one of self-discovery, a hard role to tame without waxing maudlin and cliche, but done just right as it turns out.

7. Sherry Green. 4 stars. Like Bliss (#6), this girl has a suffocating mother, but her solution is more radical: leave home and join a street gang. Sherry captures the essence of impressionable youth, and learns the hard way how manipulative and dangerous charismatic leaders are. It's a gritty role for a 16-year old, and Ellen goes to some dark places in Mouth to Mouth. The scene with Sherry and her mother shows the playful affection they have for each other alongside the tension that causes their estrangement.

8. Arlene Drieser. 3 stars. She gets a pitifully small role in The Stone Angel, almost a cameo, as a local wild girl who falls in love with a son of the lead matriarch (Ellen Burstyn) who disapproves of their relationship. Not much going on here, and her talent is wasted as much as the other Ellen's. But she does a fine job with what she's given -- when does she not?

9. Kitty Pryde. 3 stars. Another miniscule role, which is just as well since the X-Men are pretty lame. I guess it's fun to see Ellen run through walls. My understanding is that Kitty is supposed to be Jewish and her grandfather was held in a Nazi concentration camp, but none of that is explored in the film. Again, she did a decent job with the material handed to her, but it's not even half a page in the book of her career.

10. Vanessa Wetherhold. 2 stars. It's interesting how this girl is a spitting image of Juno personality-wise. A hardcore Republican and social misfit, to be sure, but the snarky persona and barbed quips are almost exactly the same. Does that mean it's a great performance? No, because context is everything, and in a dull flop like Smart People, Vanessa is just a dull smart ass. She's definitely the low point of Ellen's career -- in my opinion, the only performance she's ever given that leaves much to be desired.


The Characters

1. Lilith Sandstrom. 5 stars. Lilith is awesome, the best character Ellen ever played. She has attitude, but real heart and goes to the wall for her friends. As when she leaves home to take Mick on a whale watch before his time is up. The whale appears moments too late, but at least Lilith is there for him when he dies. My favorite scene is in the next episode, when David proves he's not such a bastard in helping her come to terms with Mick's death. The show was never the same after she left.

2. Hayley Stark. 5 stars. Sweet Hayley. I love this psychotic little bitch as much as Hannibal Lecter and Max Cady. She's perverse, demented, but also very funny -- as long as you're not on the receiving end of her ire. Her formula: luring ephebophiles into a den of torture in their own homes, and mind-fucking them until they kill themselves. Those are her good traits. I don't think she has any bad ones.

3. Sylvia Likens. 4 stars. I just want to hug this doll whenever I watch An American Crime. Shy, innocent, and with a heart of gold, Sylvia is the last person who deserved the treatment she received from Gertrude Baniszewski. I don't believe in hell, but if there is such a place I might hope for Gertie to roast there for a few months (about the time it took for her to torture and kill Sylvia). Where do sickos come from anyway?

4. Bliss Cavendar. 4 stars. How can you not love Babe Ruthless? An adorable girl with no pretensions other than wanting to break out of her life prison and have some fun. Apparently her character is just as likable in the novel on which the film is based. For some reason I always associated roller derby with white trash, but I'm pretty ignorant when it comes to sports. No trash here.

5. Sherry Green. 4 stars. You have to admire a kid who runs away from home to join a grass-roots movement -- that's putting your money where your mouth is (or complete lack of it, as the case may be) -- even if disillusionment is the inevitable outcome. You also have to respect the way she takes undeserved beatings with grace, like when she's punished by the gang leader, three times her size, for "making him" have sex with her. Honestly. Sherry's great.

6. Juno MacGuff. 3 stars. Juno is cool if not overly endearing. There are times you want to hug her, times you want to gag her, and times you want to smack her silly. I think if I had a daughter with this much lip and she got pregnant, I'd force her to have the abortion just to take her down a peg. Well no, not really, but... Or if I were the adoptive father of her unborn and she were spending so much damn time with me, I'd divorce my prissy wife and kidnap Juno for an elopement. Or maybe not, but then again...

7. Tracey Berkowitz. 3 stars. As with Juno (#6), a great performance doesn't necessarily a great character make. I should be clear that I do like Tracey quite a bit. She's a wonderfully messed up kid, bullied by classmates and shit on by her parents, but so emotionally jagged that it shatters my empathy when I least expect it. This is a character I have a hard time getting closure on. I guess I need to watch the film again.

8. Arlene Drieser. 2 stars. Young, naive, and broke, she just wants to marry a guy and have loads of kids. With not much screen time we don't get to know Arlene well, so she falls near the bottom of the list by default. She's devoted enough to get in a truck with her boyfriend on a suicide dare, and I suppose that says something for her, though perhaps not in a good way. Oh well.

9. Kitty Pryde. 2 stars. A cute kitty with cute powers, but that's about it. As with Arlene (#8), she gets too little screen time. She was also played by different actors in the first two X-Men films (though even more briefly, if you can imagine that), so the character isn't even entirely Ellen's.

10. Vanessa Wetherhold. 1 star. What's there to say about Vanessa? She's frigid, disdains all things democratic, and flirts with her uncle who looks like a toad. Before moving in on her uncle, however, he takes an amusing swipe at her for being a social misfit with no life. In addition to being the low point of Ellen's acting career (the only performance from her I've found wanting), Vanessa is by far her worst character.

UPDATE: This post has been reproduced on Ellen Page Online.

Wednesday, October 21, 2009

Goodacre's Podcast on Paul's Conversion

I'm enjoying Mark Goodacre's NT Pod series. In the latest about Paul's conversion, he follows those who think it's more appropriate to speak of Paul's calling rather than conversion. He says:
"If we think that conversion means that Paul is somehow converting from one religion to another religion, say from Judaism to Christianity, then that's clearly wrong, isn't it? I mean, Paul doesn't stop being a Jew when he has his experience with Jesus on the Damascus Road... When he's really pressed, he is absolutely insistent on the importance to his identity of his Judaism. He talks about being a Hebrew of Hebrews, an Israelite, from the tribe of Benjamin, he really wants to underline that his Jewish heritage is absolutely solid. It's certainly not something that he feels he's turned away from in any sense at all."
I think yes and no to the above. Paul does want to underline that his Jewish heritage is solid, but he also wants to underline -- as he goes on to do in Philip 3:7-11 -- that he's more than comfortable putting it aside. Philip 3:7-11 is the language of a hardcore convert, owning up to the fact that his heritage is "rubbish" (politely speaking) in view of what's new. To say that this heritage is "not something Paul feels he's turned away from in any sense at all" is, to me, a very surprising statement. We should say rather that Paul presents his heritage as solid on its own right, but worse than worthless in view of the Christ event. I doubt it's accurate to even speak of "salvation history" in Paul's thought; that's how conversionist he was. His experience of the risen Christ resulted in far more than a "new vocation".

While making some allowances for the word "conversion", Mark insists we recognize that the word is "our terminology and our way of describing what's going on in the text. We have to look at the way the text itself describes things." That's true, but a text like Philip 3:7-11 is as important as Gal 1:15-17, and Paul's testimony is only half the picture in any case. He can describe his dramatic turn around in terms of a prophetic calling all he wants. Assertion isn't proof. The perception of others is what really counts (especially in a world like the ancient Mediterranean), and those who opposed Paul's gospel could readily deny his claims and call him apostate. As I read Romans, Paul is trying to come to terms with his apostacy as best he can.

UPDATE: Jason Staples agrees with Goodacre in substance -- that Paul saw his Christian life as the natural outgrowth of his pre-Christian heritage -- but quibbles over terminology: Paul was a convert from Judaism to a different form of Israelite religion. On his blog I noted that while I appreciate the distinction between "Jew/Judean" and "Israelite" (and have blogged about this ad nauseum), that doesn't really get at the issue here. In Philip 3:7-11 it is precisely his Israelite identity that Paul is comfortable putting aside and even disdaining as "excrement". Unlike Jesus, he was capable of using the term Ioudaios but didn't here; its more restrictive meaning isn't in view. (The difference between Israelite and Ioudaios is slippery. The latter could be a subset of the former, as Staples says, but it could just as easily be a synonymous designation typically employed by outsiders.)

Much as I'd like to believe otherwise, Paul wasn't representing his life in Christ as the "natural outgrowth" of his Israelite heritage. There's no sense -- certainly not on any substantive level -- in Galatians or Romans that for him Christ was the "goal" or "natural result" of anything to do with the Torah. Christ didn't come at the end of a process represented by the law in earlier stages; he liberated Israel from the law's chaos. While the "fulfillment" of Paul's heritage points to what God intended with it (the consummation of the deity's will and plan), it doesn't follow that Christianity is thus effectively its natural outgrowth. The figure of Abraham is a shocking one -- a lonely hero in a faithless era, anticipating better things to come.

Friday, October 16, 2009

Rereading Dunn

In the last post we looked at Douglas Campbell's critique of Sanders' strategy of reframing Paul in the New Perspective. Now we'll look at his critique of Dunn's rereading strategy.

After acknowledging a certain gain from Dunn's approach -- the focus on social issues in Paul's conflict with the law -- Campbell sees four major problems with it:

1. Some textual evidence contradicts Dunn's proposal that Paul was targeting ethnic customs by the term "works of the law". Rom 4:4 describes a worker who receives wages in accordance with obligation, in other words, desert, or appropriately earned reward. (DOG, pp 450-451)

True. But to be fair, Paul often had ethnic customs in mind.

2. Dunn tends to confuse rationale and effect in his analysis, and doesn't understand the dynamic of ethnic distinctions. (DOG, pp 448, 453)

You bet he does, and you bet he doesn't. On the first point, as Campbell notes, ancient groups rarely argued for religious practices explicitly on the basis of sociology. Practices with social consequences were justified on scriptural and theological grounds, even if "social arguments" peek through on occasion (as in Gal 3:14 and Rom 3:29-30). On the second (and more important) point, Jews wouldn't have understood themselves primarily in terms of "boundary markers" (nor would pagans have obligingly characterized them this way if that were true). As Campbell points out, they delineated themselves from pagans on issues of homosexuality and idolatry as much as (if not more than) circumcision, food laws, and holy days. But on top of that -- and Philip Esler has made this especially clear -- Jews thought of themselves in terms of value orientations as much as overt signals, even if outsiders played on the latter in terms of hostile stereotypes. What this all adds up to is a hyper-focus on ethnic issues on Dunn's part, and in a wrong way which leads to inaccurate and ugly implications (on which see #4 below).

3. Paul seems to be flexible on the issue of boundary markers. In I Cor 8 & 10 and Rom 14-15, he addresses two key ethnic issues, dietary practices and temporal observance, and actually tells believers to abide by these "works". (DOG, p 453)

A good point, though I would underline the reason for these accommodations. Paul urged believers to abstain from idol food (in Corinth) and meat (in Rome) so as either not to give the wrong idea (that Christianity might encourage idolatry) or offense (to Jewish sensibilities), and in each case it was primarily unbelievers who were to be accommodated in order to make their conversion easier. Paul was an instrumental missionary, believing that outsiders should be massaged -- even deceived for their own good (I Cor 9:19-23) -- and insiders held to unbending standards. He was flexible with non-Christians in order to win them to the gospel effectively.

4. Like scholars of the old perspective, Dunn seems committed to a progression in Paul from plight to solution, the plight being redefined in racist rather than legalist terms. (DOG, p 452-455)

Objection sustained! Dunn has played the "boundary issues" card to the extent that Paul emerges -- like the Paul of the old perspective -- as one who found Judaism intrinsically defective. The defect is now nationalism instead of legalism, and the result is an apostle who preaches a suitably anti-racist gospel for the late 20th century. We should take heed of the further irony noted by Campbell: that this effectively accuses Judaism of something worse than ever before. Legalism is at least an ethical system (one gets what one deserves by working for it) -- though that's hard to get through our heads, brainwashed as we've been to think that legalism is about the worst theological crime imaginable. So there's a serious problem with scholars like Dunn and Wright who on the one hand champion Sanders' model of covenantal nomism as reflecting a great and noble religion, yet turn around and imply that the very same model was monolithically intolerant to non-Jews.

So Campbell's critique of Dunn is pretty solid on all counts, though we could be more generous about the first, and should be clear about the reason for the third.

Rereading strategies would seem to be the ones which have gotten the New Perspective into trouble, and Campbell's own rereading, I believe, has as many problems. Reframing strategies may leave room for improvement, but they at least have the right idea.

Wednesday, October 14, 2009

PZ Myers and Desert Nomads

It's been a long time since I referenced anything on PZ Myers' blog (which I generally enjoy), but the recent foolishness about desert nomads can't go unmentioned. Enjoy Chris Heard's railroading comment/essay, which set in motion quite a discussion -- even Hector Avalos made an appearance.